Schooling behavior in the guppy ( Poecilia reticulata): An evolutionary response to predation. Confusion of predators does not rely on specialist coordinated behavior. Why join groups? Lessons from parasite-manipulated Artemia. P., Flaven, E., Segard, A., Jabbour-Zahab, R., Sanchez, M. Why individual vigilance declines as group size increases. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 1–17. Towards of a firmer explanation of large shoal formation, maintenance and collective reactions in marine fish. The significance of the gregarious habit. A predator’s costs of overcoming the confusion-effect of swarming prey. Oddity and the “confusion effect” in predation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278, 2985–2990. Unified effects of aggregation reveal larger prey groups take longer to find. C., Bartumeus, F., Krause, J., & Ruxton, G. Search rate, attack probability, and the relationship between prey density and prey encounter rate. Swarm intelligence in fish? The difficulty in demonstrating distributed and self-organised collective intelligence in (some) animal groups. Advantages and disadvantages of bank swallow ( Riparia riparia) coloniality. Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism. Context-dependent group size choice in fish. The efficiency of adaptive search tactics for different prey distribution patterns: a simulation model based on the behaviour of juvenile plaice. Royal Society Open Science, 2(4), 140355. Initiation and spread of escape waves within animal groups. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 31(2), 295–311. The function of mobbing in cooperative meerkats. Evidence for the dilution effect in the selfish herd from fish predation on a marine insect. Faced with a choice, sparrowhawks more often attack the more vulnerable prey group. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 271(1543), 1039–1042. Reduced flocking by birds on islands with relaxed predation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 282, 20142675. How to catch more prey with less effective traps: Explaining the evolution of temporarily inactive traps in carnivorous pitcher plants. Clumping versus spacing out: Experiments on nest predation in fieldfares ( Turdus pilaris). This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.Īndersson, M., & Wiklund, C. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Once such groups form, they can be very stable, with the group moving as a unit, synchronizing their activity. In many other cases, however, aggregations are a result of social attraction, where individuals actively seek out the company of others. Animals that are usually asocial may aggregate around a food resource, such as brown bears ( Ursus arctos) feeding on migrating salmon in rivers, or aggregation may emerge simply from a lack of dispersal, where offspring tend to be found in close proximity to their parents and other relatives. The reasons we may observe a set of individuals in closer proximity to one another than expected from a random distribution are varied. It is observed across a diverse range of living organisms, from colonies of multicell slime molds to human cities that rely on extensive and complex infrastructure. The formation of groups is one of the most conspicuous and striking behaviors seen in animals.
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